We would like to thank the American College of Epidemiology for funding the expansion of this website. Below, we have provided a structured bibliography of the History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts, which includes a Medline and PDF link for each document. We understand that the structure of this website is somewhat out-of-date, and are hoping that future funding will allow us to improve the design. Please feel free to send us any comments or suggestions you may have regarding the website.
Epidemiology is the science of counting health-related events and compare these counts over time, place and people. Health-related events are the diseases themselves and their causes. The sections of the People's Epidemiology Library follow the major methodological and conceptual aspects of epidemiology.
Warning
This list is incomplete. Please help us making it more exhaustive by sending us suggestions of background publications, and key books and papers.
How to count?
Counts are at the core of epidemiology. Their evolution of how health-related events are counted is described in background historical papers and in key/milestones papers. Several types of counts are considered (e.g., risk and rates, prevalence and incidence, including Rose-Ledermann model, as well as epidemic curves).
Background publications
Morabia A (2004) Epidemiology: An epistemological perspective. In History of epidemiological methods and concepts , Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , chapter 2
Eyler JM (2002) Constructing vital statistics: Thomas Rowe Edmonds and William Farr, 1835-1845. Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , pp. 149-58. Older version in SPM.
Eyler JM (2003) Understanding William Farr's 1838 article "On prognosis": comment. Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , pp, 195-198
Farr W (2003) "On prognosis" by William Farr (British Medical Almanack 1838; Supplement 199-216) Part 1 (pages 199-208). Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , pp. 159-178. Older version in SPM, part one and part 2.
Gerstman BB (2003) Comments regarding "On prognosis" by William Farr (1838), with reconstruction of his longitudinal analysis of smallpox recovery and death rates. Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , pp. 183-190. Older version in SPM.
Hill GB (2003) "On prognosis" by William Farr (British Medical Almanack 1838; Supplement 199-216). Part 2 (pages 208-216). Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , pp. 179-182. Older version in SPM.
Elderton WP, Perry SJ (1910). Drapers' Company Research Memoirs. Studies in National Deterioration. VI: A third study of the statistics of pulmonary tuberculosis. The mortality of the tuberculous and sanatorium treatment. London: Cambridge University Press.
Farr W (1837b). On the law of recovering and dying in small-pox, Article II. Br Ann Med 1:134143.
Farr W (1838). On prognosis. British Medical Almanack Suppl: 199216. PDF
Farr W (1843b). Construction of life tables. 5th A.R.R.G., B.P.P .; XXI: 16177 (342367).
Kannel WB, Gordon T (1970). Some characteristics related to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and death: Framingham Study, 16-year follow-up. Washington DC: Govt Printing Office.
Commentary: Marchant AT, Anand SS, and Yusuf S (2005). Commentary: Insights from cross-population studies: Rose revisited. Int J Epidemiol 34:244-246. PDF
Commentary: Færgeman O (2005). Commentary: Geoffrey Rose's thinking about coronary artery disease. Int J Epidemiol 34:246-247. PDF
Commentary: McCarron P and Davey-Smith G (2005). Commentary: Incubation of coronary heart disease - recent developments. Int J Epidemiol 34:248-250. PDF
Tuberculosis in the United States, graphic presentation. Vol 2: Proportionate mortality statistics for states and geographic divisions by age, sex and race. Washington: Medical Research Committee, National Tuberculosis Association, 1944.
To identify causes and quantify their effects, counts need to be compared. There exists ways to set up comparisons called study designs and several measures of effect to summarize the count comparisons. The measures of effect comprise risk ratio, risk difference, odds ratio and number needed to treat. Study designs comprise cohort, cross selection, ccs and ecologic comparisons.
Background publications
Morabia A (2004) Epidemiology: An epistemological perspective. In History of epidemiological methods and concepts , Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , sections 3.1-3.3, 3.5-3.6, 3.10-3.12,
Doll R (2004) Cohort studies: history of the method. In History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts , Morabia A (ed) Birkhäuser: Basel, pp 243-274. Older version in SPM, part 1 and part 2.
Paneth N, Susser E, Susser M (2004) Origin and early development of the case-control study. In History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts , Morabia A (ed) Birkhäuser: Basel, pp 291-312. Older version in SPM, part 1 and part 2.
Key papers
Atkins E, Cherry N, Douglas JWB, Kiernan KE, Wadsworth MEJ (1981). The 1946 British cohort: an account of the origins, progress and results of the national survey of health and development. In: Medrick SA, Baert AE, eds. Prospective longitudinal research: an empirical basis for the primary prevention of psychosocial disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2530.
Greenland S. Commentary from Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas (ERI 1987) Cornfield J "A method of estimating comparative rates from clinical data. Applications to cancer of the lung, breast, and cervix." PDF
Goldberger J, Wheeler GA, Sydenstricker E (1920). A study of the relation of diet to pellagra incidence in seven textile-mill communities of South Carolina in 1916. Pub Health Rep 35: 648713. PDF
Goldberger J, Wheeler GA, Sydenstricker E (1920). A study of the relation of family Income and other economic factors to pellagra incidence in seven cotton-mill villages of South Carolina in 1916. Public Health Rep 35: 26732714. PDF
Lane-Claypon J (1926). A further report on cancer of the breast with special reference to its associated antecedent conditions. London: Ministry of Health. (Reports on public health and medical subjects; 32).
Louis PCA (1828). Recherche sur les effets de la saignée dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires. Archives générales de médecine 18: 321336.
Louis PCA (1836). Researches on the effects of bloodletting in some inflammatory diseases. Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company.
Louis PCA (1844). Researches on phthisis, anatomical, pathological and therapeutical. Transl. by Walter Hayle Walshe. 2nd ed. considerably enlarged. London: The Sydenham Society.
Greenland S. Commentary from Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas (ERI 1987) Mantel and Haenszel "Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease." PDF
Commentary: Schairer HU (2001). Commentary: In Memoriam of my Father, Prof. Dr. med. Dietrich Eberhard Schairer. Int J Epidemiol 30:28-29. PDF
Commentary: Doll R (2001). Commentary: Lung Cancer and Tobacco Consumption. Int J Epidemiol 30:30-31. PDF
Commentary: Proctor RN (2001). Commentary: Schairer and Schöniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity. Int J Epidemiol 30:31-34. PDF
Commentary: Zimmermann S, Egger M, and Hossfeld U (2001). Commentary: Pioneering research into smoking and health in Nazi Germany - The 'Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren' in Jena. Int J Epidemiol 30:35-37. PDF
Commentary: Ernst E (2001). Commentary: The Third Reich - German physicians between resistance and participation. Int J Epidemiol 30:37-42. PDF
Count comparisons are subjects to many sources of errors which can in general be categorized as selection bias (Berkson's bias and others), information bias, and screening bias (lead, length, overdiagnosis)
Background publications
Morabia A (2004) Epidemiology: An epistemological perspective. In History of epidemiological methods and concepts , Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , section 3.7
Vineis P (2002) History of bias. In History of epidemiological methods and concepts , Morabia A (ed) Birkhäuser: Basel , pp. 327-336. Older version in SPM.
Greenland S. Commentary from Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas (ERI 1987) Berkson J "Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data." PDF
Commentary: Kaptchuk TJ, and Kerr CE (2004). Commentary: Unbiased divination, unbiased evidence, and the patulin clinical trial. Int J Epidemiol 33:247-251. PDF
Commentary: Sutherland I (2004). Commentary: MRC Patulin trial. Int J Epidemiol 33:252. PDF
Commentary: Chalmers I, and Clarke M (2004). Commentary: The 1944 patulin trial: the first properly controlled multicentre trial conducted under the aegis of the British Medical Research Council. Int J Epidemiol 32:253-260. PDF
To move from a comparison of counts to statements of causality, we need concepts and strategies. The key point is how to decide that a given factor is a cause of a disease. A cause makes something happen, i.e., makes disease happen or prevents disease. Understanding causes enables you to change things if you want to, for example: to change the occurrence of disease. This point of view goes back to a pragmatic definition of causes that was coined by Lilienfeld in 1957.
Background publications
Morabia A (2004) Epidemiology: An epistemological perspective. In History of epidemiological methods and concepts , Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , sections 4.9-4.10
Vineis P (2003) Causality in epidemiology. . In History of epidemiological methods and concepts , Morabia A (ed). Birkhäuser: Basel , pp337-350. Older version in SPM.
Stellman SD (2003) Issues of causality in the history of occupational epidemiology. In History of epidemiological methods and concepts , Morabia A (ed). Birkhäuser: Basel , pp. 275-290. Older version in SPM.
Key papers
Blalock HM (1964). Causal inference in non-experimental research. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Cornfield J (1954). Statistical relationhips and proof in medicine. Am Statistician 8: 1921 PDF.
Greenland S. Commentary from Evolution of Epidemiologic Ideas (ERI 1987) Cornfield J "Statistical relationships and proof in medicine." pg. 10. PDF
Commentary: Cox DR (2009). Commentary: Smoking and lung cancer: Reflections on a pioneering paper. Int J Epidemiol 38:1192-1193. PDF
Commentary: Vandenbroucke JP (2009). Commentary: 'Smoking and lung cancer' - the embryogenesis of modern epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 38:1193-1196. PDF
Commentary: Zwahlen, M (2009). Commentary: Cornfield on cigarette smoking and lung cancer and how to assess causality. Int J Epidemiol 38:1197-1198. PDF
Commentary: Greenhouse JB (2009). Commentary: Cornfield, Epidemiology and Causality. Int J Epidemiol 38:1199-1201. PDF
Commentary: Ebrahim S, and Lau E (2001). Commentary: Sick populations and sick individuals. Int J Epidemiol 30:433-434. PDF
Commentary: McCormick J (2001). Commentary: Reflections on sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol 30:434-435. PDF
Commentary: Schwartz S, and Diez-Roux R (2001). Commentary: Causes of incidence and causes of cases - a durkheimian perspective on Rose. Int J Epidemiol 30:435-439. PDF
Commentary: Weed DL (2001). Commentary: A Radical Future for Public Health. Int J Epidemiol 30:440-441. PDF
Commentary: Hunt K and Emslie C (2001). Commentary: The Prevention Paradox in Lay Epidemiology - Rose revisited. In J Epidemiol 30:442-446. PDF
Rothman KJ (1976). Causes. Am J Epidemiol 104: 587592. PDF
Most diseases have multiple causes. The task of the epidemiologist is sometimes to separate the effects of these causes (confounding) and sometimes to assess their joint effect (interaction).
This section comprises contribution about the concept of multicausality, confounding, including matching, analysis of cohort effect and interaction.
Background publications
Morabia A (2004) Epidemiology: An epistemological perspective. In History of epidemiological methods and concepts , Morabia A (ed) pp 1-126. Birkhäuser: Basel , sections 3.4, 3.8, 3.12,
Comstock GW (2004) Cohort analysis: W.H. Frost's contributions to the epidemiology of tuberculosis and chronic disease. In History of Epidemiological Methods and Concepts , Morabia A (ed), Birkhäuser: Basel, pp 223-231. Older version in SPM.
Vandenbroucke JP (2004) The history of confounding. In History of Epidemiological Methods and Concepts , Morabia A (ed). Birkhäuser: Basel, pp 313-326. Older version in SPM.
Commentary: Frank SA (2004). Commentary: Mathematical models of cancer progression and epidemiology in the age of high throughput genomics. Int J Epidemiol 33:1179-1181. PDF
Commentary: Moolgavkar SH (2004). Commentary: Fifty years of the multistage model: remarks on a landmark paper. Int J Epidemiol 33:1182-1183. PDF
Commentary: Doll R (2004). Commentary: The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenosis. Int J Epidemiol 33:1183-1184. PD
Textbooks summarize the of the epidemiology discipline at a given moment in time. They can be very influential when they are widely used to train young generations of students. In this section we present a selection of the most influential ones. The study of subsequent (editions of) textbooks also allows to understand the evolution of the field.
Background publications
Zhang FF, Michaels DC, Mathema B, Kauchali S, Chatterjee A, Ferris DC, James TM, Knight J, Dounel M, Tawfik HO, Frohlich JA, Kuang L, Hoskin EK, Veldman FJ, Baldi G, Mlisana KP, Mametja LD, Diaz A, Khan NL, Sternfels P, Sevigny JJ, Shamam A, Morabia A (2004) Evolution of epidemiologic methods and concepts in selected textbooks of the 20th century. In History of Epidemiological Methods and Concepts , Morabia A (ed), Birkhäuser: Basel, pp 351-362. Older version in SPM.
Bracken M (2003). The first epidemiologic text. Am J Epidemiol 157 : 855856.
Lilienfeld DE (2003). The first epidemiology textbook, revisited. Am J Epidemiol 157: 856857.
Key books
Gordis L (1996). Epidemiology. First Edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Commentary: Krieger N (2007). Commentary: Ways of asking and ways of living: Reflections on the 50th anniversary of Morris' ever useful Uses of Epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 36:1173-1180. PDF
Commentary: Porter D (2007). Calculating health and social change: An essay on Jerry Morris and Late-modernist epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 36:1180-1184. PDF
Commentary: Oakley A (2007). Fifty years of JN Morris's Uses of Epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 36:1184-1185. PDF
Murphy EA (1976). The logic of medicine. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pan American Health Organization (1988) The challenge of epidemiology. Issues and selected readings. Washington: PAHO
Sartwell PE (ed) (1965). Section One: Methods in public health and preventive medicine 1. Epidemiology. In: Sartwell PE (ed.): Maxcy-Rosenau: Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Meredith Publishing Company, New York.
Schlesselman JJ (1982). Case-control studies. Design, conduct, analysis. New York: Oxford University Press .
Szklo M, Nieto FJ (2000). Epidemiology: beyond the basics. Gaithersburg: Aspen Publishers.
Troehler U (1978). Quantification in British medicine and surgery, 17501830, with special reference to its iIntroduction into therapeutics. Thesis/Dissertation, London: University of London.
Troehler U (2000). 'To improve the evidence of medicine': The 18th Century British origins of a critical approach. Edinburgh: Royal College of Physicians.
Biographies
Epidemiology is made by epidemiologists. Knowing what happened in their life can be interesting for other epidemiologists per se, but can also help to understand the bases and nature of their contribution to the evolution of the field.
Background publications
Holland, WW, Olsen, J, Florey CdV. The Development of Modern Epidemiology. Personal reports from those who were there. Oxford University Press, 2007
Eyler J (1979). Victorian social medicine: the ideas and methods of William Farr. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Eyler JM (1980). The conceptual origins of William Farr's epidemiology: numerical methods and social thought in the 1830s. Time, places, and persons. A. M. Lilienfeld. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 121.
Hogben L (195051). Major Greenwood. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 7: 13954.
Humphreys NA (1885). Biographical sketch of William Farr. Vital Statistics: a memorial volume of selections from the Reports and Writings of William Farr. London: Office of the Sanitary Institute: viixxiv.
Terris M (1964). Goldberger on Pellagra. Baton Touge: Louisiana State University. Vandenbroucke JP (2001). Changing images of John Snow in the history of epidemiology. Soz Praventivmed 46: 288293
Vinten-Johansen P, Brody H, Paneth N et al. (2003). Cholera, chloroform and the science of medicine: A Life of John Snow. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
We sincerely thank the editors of Epidemiology for helping us link these interview to the journal's website where the Voices can be freely downloaded..
Commentary: Rothman KJ (2007). Commentary: Epidemiology still ascendent. Int J Epidemiol 36:710-711. PDF
Commentary: Victora CG (2007). Commentary: Epidemiology and futurology - why did Rothman get it wrong? Int J Epidemiol 36:712-713. PDF
Commentary: Pearce N (2007). Commentary: The rise and rise of corporate epidemiology and the narrowing of epidemiology's vision. Int J Epidemiol 36:713-717. PDF
Commentary: Coebergh JWW (2007). Commentary: Epidemiology needs the patients to survive. Int J Epidemiol 36:717-719. PDF
Commentary: Coleman MP (2007). Commentary: Is epidemiology really dead, anyway? A look back at Kenneth Rothman's 'The rise and fall of epidemiology, 1950-2000 AD.' Int J Epidemiol 36:719-723. PDF
Reprints and Reflections (International Journal of Epidemiology)
We sincerely thank the editors and Oxford University Press for granting us permission to post these papers from the International Journal of Epidemiology to the People’s Epidemiology Library, Reprints and Reflections section.
Commentary: Hamlin C (2009). Commentary: Ackerknecht and ‘Anticontagionism’: a tale of two dichotomies . Int J Epidemiol 38:22-27. PDF
Commentary: Rosenberg CE (2009). Commentary: Epidemiology in context . Int J Epidemiol 38:28-30. PDF
Commentary: Stern AM and Markel H (2009). Commentary: Disease etiology and political ideology: revisiting Erwin H Ackerknecht's Classic 1948 Essay, ‘Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867’ . Int J Epidemiol 38:31-33. PDF
Allende S (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:732-736. PDF
Commentary: Muir R and Angell A (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:737-739. PDF
Commentary: Waitzkin H (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:739-741. PDF
Commentary: Øyvind N and Schiøtz A (2008). Commentary: Kristian Feyer Andvord's studies on the epidemiology of tuberculosis and the origin of generation cohort analysis . Int J Epidemiol 37:923-932. PDF
Commentary: Rieder HL (2008). Commentary: Reconciling historical epidemiological, bacteriological and immunological observations in tuberculosis . Int J Epidemiol 37:932-934. PDF
Commentary: Davies PDO (2008). Commentary: Tuberculosis down the generations—a comment on ‘Continued studies of Tuberculosis as a generation illness’ by Kr F Andvord . Int J Epidemiol 37:934-936. PDF
Commentary: Enarson DA (2008). Commentary: Kristian Andvord—an under recognized star in the epidemiological firmament . Int J Epidemiol 37:936-937. PDF
Commentary: Frank SA (2004). Commentary: Mathematical models of cancer progression and epidemiology in the age of high throughput genomics. Int J Epidemiol 33:1179-1181. PDF
Commentary: Moolgavkar SH (2004). Commentary: Fifty years of the multistage model: remarks on a landmark paper. Int J Epidemiol 33:1182-1183. PDF
Commentary: Doll R (2004). Commentary: The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenosis. Int J Epidemiol 33:1183-1184. PDF
Armstrong DB (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:1183-1187. PDF
Commentary: Kannel WB and Levy D (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:1187-1188. PDF
Commentary: Comstock GW (2005).
Int J Epidemiol 34:1188-1190. PDF
Commentary: Susser M and Stein Z (2005).
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Int J Epidemiol 34:1191-1193. PDF
Commentary: Moncayo A (2008). Commentary: The lucid reasoning of Carlos Chagas . Int J Epidemiol 37:695-696. PDF
Commentary: Goldbaum M and Barreto ML (2008). Commentary: The contribution and example of Carlos Chagas . Int J Epidemiol 37:697-698. PDF
Commentary: Gürtler RE, Diotaiuti L and Kitron U (2008). Commentary: Chagas disease: 100 years since discovery and lessons for the future . Int J Epidemiol 37:698-701. PDF
Commentary: da Rocha Carvalheiro J and Gadelha P (2008). Commentary: Carlos Chagas—predecessor of Epidemiology in Brazil . Int J Epidemiol 37:701-703. PDF
Cochrane AL (2003).
. Int J Epidemiol 32:32-34. PDF
Commentary: Aveline M (2003).
. Int J Epidemiol 32:34-35. PDF
Commentary: Thomas H (2003).
. Int J Epidemiol 32:36. PDF
Commentary: Cox DR (2009). Commentary: Smoking and lung cancer: Reflections on a pioneering paper. Int J Epidemiol 38:1192-1193. PDF
Commentary: Vandenbroucke JP (2009). Commentary: 'Smoking and lung cancer' - the embryogenesis of modern epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 38:1193-1196. PDF
Commentary: Zwahlen, M (2009). Commentary: Cornfield on cigarette smoking and lung cancer and how to assess causality. Int J Epidemiol 38:1197-1198. PDF
Commentary: Greenhouse JB (2009). Commentary: Cornfield, Epidemiology and Causality. Int J Epidemiol 38:1199-1201. PDF
Commentary: Kuper A (2009). Commentary: A Darwin family concern . Int J Epidemiol 38:1439-1442. PDF
Commentary: Stoltenberg C (2009). Commentary: Of the same blood . Int J Epidemiol 38:1442-1447. PDF
Commentary: Evans A (2009). Commentary: Darwin's Origin: the Irish connection . Int J Epidemiol 38:1448-1452. PDF
Commentary: Bittles AH (2009). Commentary: The background and outcomes of the first-cousin marriage controversy in Great Britain . Int J Epidemiol 38:1453-1458. PDF
Dubos R, Savage D and Schaedler S (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:5-12. PDF
Commentary: Tannock GW (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:13-15. PDF
Commentary: Waterland RA (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:15-17. PDF
Commentary: Moore V (2005).
. Int J Epidemiol 34:18-20. PDF
Commentary: Eberstadt N (2006). Commentary: Reflections on ‘The Health Crisis in the USSR’ . Int J Epidemiol 35:1394-1397. PDF
Commentary: McKee M (2006). Commentary: The health crisis in the USSR: looking behind the facade . Int J Epidemiol 35:1398-1399. PDF
Commentary: Davis C (2006). Commentary: The Health Crisis in the USSR: reflections on the Nicholas Eberstadt 1981 review of Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s . Int J Epidemiol 35:1400-1405. PDF
Commentary: Shkolnikov VM and Leon DA (2006). Commentary: N Eberstadt's ‘The health crisis in the USSR’ and sustainable mortality reversal in the post-Soviet space during communism and after . Int J Epidemiol 35:1406-1409. PDF
Commentary: Forsdahl A (2002). Commentary: Childhood deprivation and adult mortality. Int J Epidemiol 31:308. PDF
Commentary: Barker DJP (2002). Commentary: Components in the interpretation of the high mortality in the county of Finnmark. Int J Epidemiol 31:309-310. PDF
Commentary: Garfield E (2006). Commentary: Fifty years of citation indexing . Int J Epidemiol 35:1127-1128. PDF
Commentary: Smith R (2006). Commentary: The power of the unrelenting impact factor—Is it a force for good or harm? . Int J Epidemiol 35:1129-1130. PDF
Commentary: Porta M, Fernandez E, and Bolúmar F (2006). Commentary: The ‘bibliographic impact factor’ and the still uncharted sociology of epidemiology . Int J Epidemiol 35:1130-1135. PDF
Commentary: Garland CF and Garland FC (2006). Commentary: Progress of a paradigm . Int J Epidemiol 35:220-222. PDF
Commentary: Giovannucci E (2006). Commentary: Vitamin D and colorectal cancer—twenty-five years later . Int J Epidemiol 35:222-224. PDF
Commentary: Grant WB and Gorham ED (2006). Commentary: Time for public health action on vitamin D for cancer risk reduction . Int J Epidemiol 35:224-225. PDF
Commentary: Cross HS (2006). Commentary: From epidemiology to molecular biology—vitamin D and colorectal cancer prevention . Int J Epidemiol 35:225-227. PDF
Commentary: Egan KM (2006). Commentary: Sunlight, vitamin D, and the cancer connection revisited . Int J Epidemiol 35:227-230. PDF
Commentary: Armstrong BK (2006). Commentary: Seeing the light . Int J Epidemiol 35:231-232. PDF
Commentary: McPherson K (2008). Commentary: James Alison Glover (1874–1963), OBE (1919) CBE (1941) MD (1905) DPH (1905) FRCP (1933): health care variations research then and now . Int J Epidemiol 37:19-23. PDF
Commentary: Burton MJ (2008). Commentary: Tonsillectomy—then and now . Int J Epidemiol 37:23-25. PDF
Commentary: Wennberg J (2008). Commentary: A debt of gratitude to J. Alison Glover . Int J Epidemiol 37:26-29. PDF
Commentary: Nettleton S (2009). Commentary: The appearance of new medical cosmologies and the re-appearance of sick and healthy men and women: a comment on the merits of social theorizing . Int J Epidemiol 38:633-636. PDF
Commentary: Prior L (2009). Commentary: From sick men and women, to patients, and thence to clients and consumers—the structuring of the ‘patient’ in the modern world . Int J Epidemiol 38:637-639. PDF
Commentary: Nicolson M (2009). Commentary: Nicholas Jewson and the disappearance of the sick man from medical cosmology, 1770–1870 . Int J Epidemiol 38:639-642. PDF
Commentary: Armstrong D (2009). Commentary: Indeterminate sick-men—a commentary on Jewson's ‘Disappearance of the sick-man from medical cosmology’ . Int J Epidemiol 38:642-645. PDF
Commentary: Pickstone JV (2009). Commentary: From history of medicine to a general history of ‘working knowledges’ . Int J Epidemiol 38:646-649. PDF
Commentary: Gazi C (2003). Commentary: The legacy of Sidney Kark . Int J Epidemiol 32:187. PDF
Commentary: Reddy PS, Mbewu AD, Nogoduka CM (2003). Commentary: Sexually transmitted infection in South Africa: 50 years after Sidney Kark . Int J Epidemiol 32:187-189. PDF
Commentary: Myer L, Morroni C and Susser ES (2003). Commentary: The social pathology of the HIV/AIDS pandemic . Int J Epidemiol 32:189-192. PDF
Commentary: Katan MB (2004).
. Int J Epidemiol 33:10-11. PDF
Commentary: Keavney B (2004).
. Int J Epidemiol 33:11-14. PDF
Commentary: Wheatley K and Gray R (2004). Commentary: Mendelian randomization—an update on its use to evaluate allogeneic stem cell transplantation in leukaemia. Int J Epidemiol 33:15-17. PDF
Commentary: Brennan P (2004).
. Int J Epidemiol 33:17-21. PDF
Commentary: Thomas DC and Conti DV (2004).
. Int J Epidemiol 33:21-25. PDF
Commentary: Tobin MD et al. (2004).
. Int J Epidemiol 33:26-29. PDF
Commentary: Davey-Smith G and Ebrahim S (2004).
. Int J Epidemiol 33:30-42. PDF
Commentary: Susser M (2001). Commentary: the longitudinal perspective and cohort analysis. Int J Epidemiol 30:684-687. PDF
Commentary: Harris B (2001). Commentary: 'the child is father of the man.' The relationship between child health and adult mortality in the 19th and 20th centuries. Int J Epidemiol 30:688-696. PDF
Commentary: Davey Smith G, and Kuh D (2001). Commentary: William Ogilvy Kermack and the childhood origins of adult health and disease. Int J Epidemiol 30:696-703. PDF
Commentary: Kune G (2007). Commentary: Aspirin and cancer prevention . Int J Epidemiol 36:957-959. PDF
Commentary: Logan R (2007). Commentary: Preventing colorectal cancer with aspirin—what next? . Int J Epidemiol 36:960-962. PDF
Commentary: Floßmann E and Rothwell PM (2007). Commentary: Aspirin and colorectal cancer—an epidemiological success story . Int J Epidemiol 36:962-965. PDF
Commentary: Pemberton J (2001). Commentary: Isabella Leitch (1890-1980)-a personal memoir. Int J Epidemiol 30:216-217. PDF
Commentary: Victora CG and Barros FC (2001). Commentary: The catch-up dilemma-relevance of Leitch's 'low-high' pig to child growth in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 30:217-220. PDF
Commentary: Gunnell D (2001). Commentary: Early insights into height, leg length, proportionate growth and health. Int J Epidemiol 30:221-222. PDF
Commentary: Smith DF (2001). Commentary: The contexts of the Carnegie Survey 1937-1940, and Isabella Leitch's 'Growth and health' delivered to the Nutrition Society in October 1950. Int J Epidemiol 30:223-225. PDF
Commentary: Olden K (2007). Commentary: From phenotype, to genotype, to gene–environment interaction and risk for complex diseases . Int J Epidemiol 36:18-20. PDF
Commentary: Vineis P (2007). Commentary: First steps in molecular epidemiology: Lower et al. 1979 . Int J Epidemiol 36:20-22. PDF
Commentary: Rothman N, Garcia-Closas M, and Hein DW (2007). Commentary: Reflections on G. M. Lower and colleagues’ 1979 study associating slow acetylator phenotype with urinary bladder cancer: meta-analysis, historical refinements of the hypothesis, and lessons learned . Int J Epidemiol 36:23-28. PDF
Commentary: Marmot MG (2001). Commentary: reflections on alcohol and coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol 30:729-734. PDF
Commentary: Bovet P and Paccaud F (2001). Commentary: Alcohol, coronary heart disease and public health: which evidence-based policy. Int J Epidemiol 30:734-737. PDF
Commentary: Rimm E (2001). Commentary: Alcohol and coronary heart disease-laying the foundation for future work. Int J Epidemiol 30:738-739. PDF
Commentary: Klatsky AL (2001). Commentary: Could abstienence from alcohol be hazardous to your health? Int J Epidemiol 30:739-742. PDF
Commentary: Kaptchuk TJ, and Kerr CE (2004). Commentary: Unbiased divination, unbiased evidence, and the patulin clinical trial. Int J Epidemiol 33:247-251. PDF
Commentary: Sutherland I (2004). Commentary: MRC Patulin trial. Int J Epidemiol 33:252. PDF
Commentary: Chalmers I, and Clarke M (2004). Commentary: The 1944 patulin trial: the first properly controlled multicentre trial conducted under the aegis of the British Medical Research Council. Int J Epidemiol 32:253-260. PDF
Commentary: Krieger N (2007). Commentary: Ways of asking and ways of living: Reflections on the 50th anniversary of Morris' ever useful Uses of Epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 36:1173-1180. PDF
Commentary: Porter D (2007). Calculating health and social change: An essay on Jerry Morris and Late-modernist epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 36:1180-1184. PDF
Commentary: Oakley A (2007). Fifty years of JN Morris's Uses of Epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 36:1184-1185. PDF
Commentary: Cnattingius S (2008). Commentary: On ‘Transmission through the female line of a mechanism constraining human fetal growth’—does it exist? . Int J Epidemiol 37:250-252. PDF
Commentary: Hanson MA and Godfrey KM (2008). Commentary: Maternal constraint is a pre-eminent regulator of fetal growth . Int J Epidemiol 37:252-254. PDF
Commentary: Magnus P (2008). Commentary: A need for unconstrained thinking on foetal growth . Int J Epidemiol 37:254-255. PDF
Commentary: Leon DA (2008). Commentary: The development of the Ounsteds’ theory of maternal constraint—a critical perspective . Int J Epidemiol 37:255-259. PDF
Pemberton J (2003).
. Int J Epidemiol 32:493-495. PDF
Commentary: Pemberton J (2003).
. Int J Epidemiol 32:496-498. PDF
Commentary: Morris JN (2003).
. Int J Epidemiol 32:498-499. PDF
Commentary: Smith DF (2003).
. Int J Epidemiol 32:500-502. PDF
Commentary: de Onis M (2003). Commentary: Socioeconomic inequalities and child growth. Int J Epidemiol 32:503-505. PDF
Commentary: Elwood P (2003). Commentary: John Pemberton Professor of Social Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast, 1958–1976. Int J Epidemiol 32:506. PDF
Commentary: Matthews JR (2001). Commentary: The Paris Academy of Science report on Jean Civiale's statistical research and the 19th century background to evidence-based medicine. Int J Epidemiol 30:1249-1250. PDF
Commentary: Black N (2001). Commentary: That was then, this is now. Int J Epidemiol 30:1251. PDF
Commentary: Tröhler U (2001). Commentary: 'Medical art' versus 'medical science': J Civiale's statistical research on conditions caused by calculi at the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1835. Int J Epidemiol 30:1252-1253. PDF
Commentary: Vandenbroucke JP (2001). Commentary: Treatment of bladder stones and probabilistic reasoning in medicine: an 1835 account and its lessons for the present. Int J Epidemiol 30:1253-1258. PDF
Commentary: Kunitz SJ (2007). Commentary: Samuel Preston's ‘The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development’ . Int J Epidemiol 36:491-492. PDF
Commentary: Wilkinson RG (2007). Commentary: The changing relation between mortality and income . Int J Epidemiol 36:492-494. PDF
Commentary: Riley JC (2007). Commentary: Missed Opportunities . Int J Epidemiol 36:494-495. PDF
Commentary: Mackenbach JP (2007). Commentary: Did Preston underestimate the effect of economic development on mortality? . Int J Epidemiol 36:496-497. PDF
Commentary: Bloom DE and Canning D (2007). Commentary: The Preston Curve 30 years on: still sparking fires . Int J Epidemiol 36:498-499. PDF
Commentary: Leon DA (2007). Commentary: Preston and mortality trends since the mid-1970s . Int J Epidemiol 36:500-501. PDF
Commentary: Preston SH (2007). Response: On ‘The Changing Relation between Mortality and Level of Economic Development’ . Int J Epidemiol 36:502-503. PDF
Commentary: Martin RM (2007). Commentary: Prostate cancer is omnipresent, but should we screen for it? . Int J Epidemiol 36:278-281. PDF
Commentary: Albertsen PC (2007). Commentary: Occult prostate cancer—imposter or the real deal? . Int J Epidemiol 36:281-282. PDF
Commentary: Miller AB (2007) Commentary: Implications of the frequent occurrence of occult carcinoma of the prostate . Int J Epidemiol 36:282-284. PDF
Commentary: Adolfsson J (2007). Commentary: On the incidence of histological prostate cancer and the probable diagnosis of cases with tumours too small to produce symptoms or to attract attention on physical examination—the findings of Dr Arnold Rice Rich . Int J Epidemiol 36:285-287. PDF
Commentary: Thompson IM, Lucia MS, and Tangen CM (2007). Commentary: The ubiquity of prostate cancer: echoes of the past, implications for the present: "What has been will be again, what has been done will be done again,; there is nothing new under the sun." ECCLESIASTES 1:9 . Int J Epidemiol 36:287-289. PDF
Commentary: Wilkinson R (2002). Commentary: Liberty, fraternity, equality. Int J Epidemiol 31:538-543. PDF
Commentary: Porta M, Borrell C, and Copete JL (2002). Commentary: Theory in the fabric of evidence on the health effects of inequalities in income distribution. Int J Epidemiol 31:543-546. PDF
Commentary: Deaton A (2002). Commentary: The convoluted story of international studies of inequality and health. Int J Epidemiol 31: 546-549. PDF
Commentary: Lynch J, and Davey-Smith G (2002). Commentary: Income inequality and health: the end of the story? Int J Epidemiol 31:549-551. PDF
Commentary: Ebrahim S, and Lau E (2001). Commentary: Sick populations and sick individuals. Int J Epidemiol 30:433-434. PDF
Commentary: McCormick J (2001). Commentary: Reflections on sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol 30:434-435. PDF
Commentary: Schwartz S, and Diez-Roux R (2001). Commentary: Causes of incidence and causes of cases - a durkheimian perspective on Rose. Int J Epidemiol 30:435-439. PDF
Commentary: Weed DL (2001). Commentary: A Radical Future for Public Health. Int J Epidemiol 30:440-441. PDF
Commentary: Hunt K and Emslie C (2001). Commentary: The Prevention Paradox in Lay Epidemiology - Rose revisited. In J Epidemiol 30:442-446. PDF
Commentary: Marchant AT, Anand SS, and Yusuf S (2005). Commentary: Insights from cross-population studies: Rose revisited. Int J Epidemiol 34:244-246. PDF
Commentary: Færgeman O (2005). Commentary: Geoffrey Rose's thinking about coronary artery disease. Int J Epidemiol 34:246-247. PDF
Commentary: McCarron P and Davey-Smith G (2005). Commentary: Incubation of coronary heart disease - recent developments. Int J Epidemiol 34:248-250. PDF
Commentary: Rothman KJ (2007). Commentary: Epidemiology still ascendent. Int J Epidemiol 36:710-711. PDF
Commentary: Victora CG (2007). Commentary: Epidemiology and futurology - why did Rothman get it wrong? Int J Epidemiol 36:712-713. PDF
Commentary: Pearce N (2007). Commentary: The rise and rise of corporate epidemiology and the narrowing of epidemiology's vision. Int J Epidemiol 36:713-717. PDF
Commentary: Coebergh JWW (2007). Commentary: Epidemiology needs the patients to survive. Int J Epidemiol 36:717-719. PDF
Commentary: Coleman MP (2007). Commentary: Is epidemiology really dead, anyway? A look back at Kenneth Rothman's 'The rise and fall of epidemiology, 1950-2000 AD.' Int J Epidemiol 36:719-723. PDF
Commentary: Schairer HU (2001). Commentary: In Memoriam of my Father, Prof. Dr. med. Dietrich Eberhard Schairer. Int J Epidemiol 30:28-29. PDF
Commentary: Doll R (2001). Commentary: Lung Cancer and Tobacco Consumption. Int J Epidemiol 30:30-31. PDF
Commentary: Proctor RN (2001). Commentary: Schairer and Schöniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity. Int J Epidemiol 30:31-34. PDF
Commentary: Zimmermann S, Egger M, and Hossfeld U (2001). Commentary: Pioneering research into smoking and health in Nazi Germany - The 'Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren' in Jena. Int J Epidemiol 30:35-37. PDF
Commentary: Ernst E (2001). Commentary: The Third Reich - German physicians between resistance and participation. Int J Epidemiol 30:37-42. PDF
Commentary: Grant WB (2008). Commentary: Ecologic studies in identifying dietary risk factors for coronary heart disease and cancer . Int J Epidemiol 37:1209-1211. PDF
Commentary: Elwood P (2008). Commentary: Lactose and ischaemic heart disease: a sweet hypothesis ... but nothing more! . Int J Epidemiol 37:1211-1213. PDF
Commentary: Al-Delaimy WK (2008). Commentary: Lactose and ischaemic heart disease: a weak 28-year-old hypothesis . Int J Epidemiol 37:1214-1216. PDF
Commentary: Susser M and Stein Z (2002). Commentary: Civilization and peptic ulcer 40 years on. Int J Epidemiol 31:18-21. PDF
Commentary: Marshall B (2002). Commentary: Helicobacter as the 'environmental factor' in Susser and Stein's cohort theory of peptic ulcer disease. Int J Epidemiol 31:21-22. PDF
Commentary: Sonnenberg, Cucino and Bauerfeind (2002). Commentary: The unresolved mystery of birth-cohort phenomena in gastroenterology. Int J Epidemiol 31:23-26. PDF
Commentary: Langman M (2002). Commentary: Peptic ulcer, Susser and Steinand the cohort phenomenon. Int J Epidemiol 31:27-28. PDF
Commentary: Levenstein S (2002). Commentary: Peptic ulcer and its discontents. PDF
Sutherland J (2002).
. Int J Epidemiol 31:900-907. PDF
Commentary: Snow SJ (2002).
. Int J
Epidemiol 31:908-911. PDF
Commentary: Halliday S (2002). Commentary: Dr John Sutherland, Vibrio cholerae and ‘predisposing causes.' Int J
Epidemiol 31:912-914. PDF
Commentary: Hamlin C (2002). Commentary: John Sutherland’s Epidemiology of Constitutions. Int J
Epidemiol 31:915-919. PDF
Commentary: Davey-Smith G (2002). Commentary: Behind the Broad Street pump: aetiology, epidemiology and prevention of cholera in mid-19th century Britain. Int J
Epidemiol 31:920-932. PDF
Thompson W (2004).
. Int J Epidemiol 33:635-640. PDF